Locomotion and Movement Notes for NEET PDF class 11 pdf download ncert

know Locomotion and Movement Notes for NEET PDF class 11 pdf download ncert ?

Locomotion and movements refer to the ability of an organism to move from one place to another or to change the position of its body parts. It is an important characteristic of animals and plays a vital role in various activities such as seeking food, escaping predators, finding mates, and exploring the environment. Locomotion and movements can be broadly categorized into two types:

1. Cellular Movements: Cellular movements occur at the cellular level and involve the movement of individual cells or cell components. Examples of cellular movements include amoeboid movement (where cells change their shape and move using pseudopodia), ciliary movement (where hair-like structures called cilia move in a coordinated manner), and flagellar movement (where whip-like structures called flagella propel the cell).

2. Organismal Locomotion: Organismal locomotion refers to the movement of the whole organism. This type of movement involves the coordinated action of muscles, bones, and joints and is more complex than cellular movements. Organismal locomotion can be further classified into different modes:

a. Walking and Running: Walking and running are common forms of terrestrial locomotion in animals. They involve a cyclic pattern of movements where the legs alternate between supporting and propelling the body forward.

b. Swimming: Swimming is a mode of locomotion in aquatic animals. It is achieved by the coordinated movement of fins, flippers, or a muscular body that generates propulsive forces in the water.

c. Flying: Flying is the ability to move through the air. It is primarily seen in birds, bats, and insects. Flight involves the generation of lift and thrust to counteract gravity and move through the air.

d. Crawling and Slithering: Crawling is a mode of locomotion involving the use of limbs or body segments to move along a surface. It is seen in animals like insects, reptiles, and some mammals. Slithering is a type of crawling movement observed in snakes and other limbless reptiles.

e. Jumping and Leaping: Jumping and leaping involve propelling the body off the ground to cover a significant distance. It is observed in animals like kangaroos, frogs, and grasshoppers.

f. Other Specialized Movements: Some organisms exhibit specialized movements unique to their body structures and adaptations. Examples include burrowing, climbing, gliding, and swinging.

The mechanisms of locomotion vary among different organisms and are dependent on their anatomical structures, muscular systems, and environmental adaptations. Locomotion is often coordinated by the nervous system, which sends signals to the muscles, enabling them to contract and produce movement.

Overall, locomotion and movements are essential for animals to interact with their environment, perform vital functions, and adapt to changing conditions. The diversity of locomotion strategies across the animal kingdom is a fascinating reflection of the adaptations and evolutionary processes that have shaped different species.

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Locomotion and movement refer to the ability of an organism to change its position or location in the environment. While locomotion specifically refers to the movement from one place to another, movement encompasses a broader range of actions, including changes in body position, limb motions, and internal movements of body parts. Here’s an overview of locomotion and movements:

1. Types of Locomotion:
a. Walking and Running: Walking and running involve a cyclic pattern of leg movements, alternating between the left and right limbs. Walking is a slower, continuous form of locomotion, while running involves a faster and more dynamic gait.
b. Swimming: Swimming is the movement through a liquid medium, such as water. It typically involves the use of limbs, fins, or other specialized structures to generate propulsive forces.
c. Flying: Flying is the ability to move through the air. It is primarily observed in birds, bats, and insects, which have adaptations such as wings to generate lift and thrust.
d. Crawling and Slithering: Crawling involves moving the body by dragging or propelling oneself forward using the limbs. Slithering refers to the movement of animals without limbs, such as snakes, by undulating their bodies in a wavelike motion.

2. Musculoskeletal System:
The musculoskeletal system, consisting of bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments, plays a vital role in locomotion and movement. Muscles are responsible for generating force, while bones provide a rigid framework for muscle attachment and act as levers for movement. Tendons connect muscles to bones, allowing the transfer of force, and ligaments connect bones to each other, providing stability and restricting excessive movement.

3. Control and Coordination:
Locomotion and movements are controlled by the nervous system. The brain and spinal cord send signals to the muscles, initiating and coordinating movements. Sensory feedback from proprioceptors (sensory receptors in muscles and joints) provides information about body position and allows for adjustments in movement.

4. Types of Movements:
a. Flexion and Extension: Flexion involves bending or decreasing the angle between body parts, while extension involves straightening or increasing the angle.
b. Abduction and Adduction: Abduction is the movement of a body part away from the midline, while adduction is the movement of a body part toward the midline.
c. Rotation: Rotation involves the movement of a body part around its axis, such as the rotation of the head, trunk, or limbs.
d. Circumduction: Circumduction is a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction, resulting in a conical movement of a limb.

5. Reflexes: Reflex actions are quick, involuntary movements initiated in response to a specific stimulus. They are controlled by the spinal cord and occur without conscious thought, allowing for rapid protective responses.

6. Fine Motor Skills: Fine motor skills involve precise movements of smaller muscle groups, such as those required for writing, drawing, or manipulating small objects. These skills are refined through practice and coordination between the brain, muscles, and sensory feedback.

It’s important to note that locomotion and movements can vary greatly across different species, reflecting adaptations to their environments and anatomical structures. Additionally, various disorders or injuries can affect locomotion and movement, leading to impairments in mobility and coordination.